Jan is the pseudonym of Juan López Fernández (March 13, 1939- ), Spanish comic book writer and artist, most famous for his creation Superlópez.
Contents
1Biography
2Awards and recognition
3References
3.1Endnotes
4External links
Biography
He was born in the town of Toral de los Vados, in the province of León. Completely deaf from the age of six, his parents encouraged him to draw and in 1956, he began to work in a studio in order to learn animation.
He emigrated to Cuba in 1959 where he worked in Televisión Cubana (Cuban Television) and the Instituto Cubano de Arte e Industria Cinematográficos (ICAIC) (Cuban Institute of Cinematographic Art and Industry). He also collaborated on some periodicals for children at this time, and later on, on actual comic books and newspaper supplements.
Jan returned to Spain in 1969, and worked in the now defunct publishing house Editorial Bruguera until 1985 where he helped illustrate the work of other comic book artists.
In 1973, however, Jan created Superlópez, a parodized version of Superman. It was a series that began as a single page and later expanded into full albums, with adventures involving supervillains and criminal organizations. It also dealt with issues affecting contemporary Spain, namely the illegal drug trade, the transition to democracy post General Franco, etc. The stories had originally been written by Efepé (pseudonym of Francisco Pérez Navarro), but Jan later took over this duty as well.
In 1982, Jan worked on the periodicial Pulgarcito for Editorial Bruguera, and stopped work on Superlópez in order to do so. However, he decided to abandon this in order to devote himself fully to his creation. Jan’s eldest son ended up doing some work on Pulgarcito, but also eventually abandoned this task.
When Editorial Bruguera was shut down in 1985, Jan, together with many other comic book writers, had to do work for other editorial companies. Jan published his first (and only) erotic comic ‘Laszivia’ in Norma Editorial, and created characters such as ‘Cab Halloloco’ and ‘Los ultimos de Villapiñas’ for the Jauja comic magazine. The character ‘Superioribus’, drawn for the editorial Forum, is also a superhero parody. In 1987, Ediciones B began publishing a Superlopez magazine. In this way Jan can continue working on this character till now, with a few other contributions from time to time to other magazines, such as the characters Pum Tarrota or Super Tron.
Awards and recognition
In May 2002, he received the Grand Prize of the Barcelona International Comics Convention that acknowledged his contributions.
References
Endnotes
External links
Official Website (Spanish)
Cachis la Mar! (devoted to Superlópez)(Spanish)
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_(comics)”
Categories: 1939 births | Living people | People from El Bierzo | Spanish comics artists | Spanish comics writersHidden categories: Comics nation sweep | Comics infobox image less alt text | Comics creator pop | Comics creator BLP pop | Track variant DoB
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Sud-Est (English: South-East, Haitian Creole: Sidès) is one of the ten departments (French: départements) of Haiti. It has an area of 2,023 km² and a population of 518,200 (2002). Its capital is Jacmel. It used to be part of Sud Department
The department is divided into three arrondissements:
Bainet Arrondissement
Belle-Anse Arrondissement
Jacmel Arrondissement
There are fifteen other smaller towns or villages, including:Banane, Bourcan-Bélier, Cavalier, Coutelas, Forêt-des-Pins, La-Fond, La-Vallée, Les-Palmes, Mare-Rouge, Mayette, Mombin, Platon-Besace, Saint-Antoine, Savane-Zombi, and Seguin.
History
2010 7.0 earthquake
Further information: 2010 Haiti earthquake
Jacmel in Jacmel Arrondissement, a city with many French colonial heritage buildings, was devastated by a 7.0 magnitude tremblor on 12 January 2010, collapsing much of that heritage architecture.
References
^“Département du Sud-Est”. Haiticulture.ch. 2010-01-28. http://www.haiticulture.ch/Departement_Sud_Est.html.
^ CNN, “The Situation Room”, 15 January 2010
v•d•e
Departments,arrondissements andcommunes of Haiti
Artibonite Department
Dessalines Arrondissement: · Desdunes · Dessalines · Grande Saline · Petite Rivière de l’Artibonite
Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault zone – Haiti –Ouest: Port-au-Prince Arrondissement (Port-au-Prince ·Carrefour ·Cité Soleil ·Gressier ·Pétionville) ·Léogâne Arrondissement (Léogâne ·Grand-Goâve ·Petit-Goâve) —Sud-Est: Jacmel Arrondissement (Jacmel)
Humanitarian response
National governments · NGOs · For-profit organizations
Aid operations
Unified Response (USA) ·Hestia (Canada) ·Séisme Haiti (France) ·White Crane (Italy) ·Hispaniola (Spain) ·United Nations Security Council Resolution 1908 (MINUSTAH)
Benefits & fundraising
Canada for Haiti·Ensemble pour Haïti·Hope for Haiti Now (album) ·Hit for Haiti·Clinton Bush Haiti Fund ·Digicel Haiti Earthquake Relief Fund·Everybody Hurts ·We Are the World 25 for Haiti ·Somos El Mundo: 25 Para Haiti
See also: List of earthquakes in Haiti • List of 21st century earthquakes
This Haitian location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v•d•e
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud-Est_Department”
Categories: Departments of Haiti | Sud-Est Department | Places affected by the 2010 Haiti earthquake | Haiti geography stubsHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from May 2008 | All articles lacking sources | Articles containing explicitly cited English language text | Articles containing Haitian Creole language text | Haiti articles missing geocoordinate data | All articles needing coordinates
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This page was last modified on 28 January 2010 at 15:14.
(Redirected from General Grevous)
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General Grievous
Position
Supreme Commander of the Droid Armies
Homeworld
Kalee
Species
Kaleesh (cyborg)
Gender
Male
Affiliation
Confederacy of Independent Systems
Portrayed by
Matthew Wood (voice)
v•d•e
General Grievous is a fictional character, part of the Star Wars canon. He is a chief antagonist in Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith, alongside Count Dooku, Darth Vader, and Palpatine. He was voiced by Matthew Wood. According to the Revenge of the Sith DVD, series creator George Lucas instructed his creative team to create an enemy that foreshadowed Anakin Skywalker’s transformation into Darth Vader: the heavy breathing, the cyborg body, and his seduction into a malevolent faction.
Despite his stalking appearance, Grievous is very deadly with a lightsaber, having hunted, defeated, and kept the lightsabers of his Jedi victims as trophies. Combined with his cybernetic body, which is capable of wielding up to five lightsabers at once (counting one held in one of his feet, the other being used to maintain balance) he makes a deadly foe in close combat to all but a master Jedi.
Contents
1Appearances
1.1Films
1.1.1Revenge of the Sith
1.1.2Star Wars: The Clone Wars
1.2Expanded Universe
1.2.1Clone Wars series
1.2.2Novels
1.2.3Video games
2Behind the scenes
2.1Movie notes
2.2Portrayal
3References
4External links
Appearances
Films
Revenge of the Sith
His first mission was in the Attack of the Clones, but there were no survivors so no one could tell of him. The opening crawl of Revenge of the Sith explains that Grievous and Count Dooku have kidnapped Chancellor Palpatine and are holding him hostage. Grievous soon has Jedi Obi-Wan Kenobi and Anakin Skywalker captured onboard his vessel, theInvisible Hand. Skywalker and Kenobi escape and confront Grievous on the bridge. Grievous grabs a fallen guard’s electrostaff and smashes it through the viewport, sending himself into space. He uses a grappling hook to pull himself to the ship’s exterior. He then uses his mechanical feet to magnetize to the outside of his fallen flagship to regain entry into the vessel, and flees in an escape pod.
Grievous directs his escape pod to the nearest Trade Federation control ship, where he orders his armies to retreat. He then travels to the planet Utapau, where the Separatist Council reside. Grievous is now the supreme leader of the Confederacy, as Dooku, the previous leader, died at Skywalker’s hand in the earlier battle. Sidious orders him to move the Separatist leaders to the volcanic planet Mustafar.
Kenobi arrives shortly after the Separatists leave, and corners Grievous. Grievous takes out his lightsabers and engages Kenobi in combat. Kenobi seems to gain the upper hand, fending off Grievous’ lightsabers and slicing off his two lower hands at the wrists; Grievous, however, escapes on his four-legged/single wheeled vehicle as the elite Republic assault force known as the 212th Assault Battalion begins its attack on the droid armies. Kenobi, atop his reptilian mount, chases after Grievous throughout most of the battlefield, and due to the rugged terrain, drops his lightsaber. He eventually pulls alongside Grievous and leaps to the General’s vehicle, which soon careens out of control due to the intense struggle between him and Kenobi. Grievous and Kenobi fall from the craft to the surface of Grievous’s secret landing platform, where he has his fighter docked. Grievous tries to shoot Obi-Wan, but Kenobi knocks the blaster away with Grievous’s electrostaff. They begin to fight hand to hand, since the only weapon between the two of them is an electrostaff Grievous had on his vehicle. Kenobi rips open Grievous’s chest-plates, revealing his internal organs. Grievous swings him around violently before hurling him over the edge of the landing platform and seizing the electrostaff to finish the job. Kenobi, greatly exhausted from the battle, and just able to hold onto the edge of the platform, uses the Force to retrieve Grievous’ blaster, lying on the ground nearby. He fires five shots into Grievous’ torso, igniting his flammable organic components. All of Grievous’ organs ignite, and he starts to burn from the inside. Flames erupt from his eye sockets before he finally falls to the ground dead.
Star Wars: The Clone Wars
General Grievous statues from the Clone Wars episode 10 “Lair of Grievous”
Grievous briefly appears at the beginning of the film standing with Count Dooku, and is later mentioned by Mace Windu as stretching out Separatist forces across the galaxy. He was introduced into the hit television series that began to air in 2008 on Cartoon Network, on which General Grievous is a major villain. He first appears on his new flagship the Malevolence, which is later brought down by Anakin Skywalker and his Padawan Ahsoka Tano. Soon after, Grievous plans an attack on the world of Kamino, to destroy the Republic’s production of clone troopers. A fleet of Venator-class Star Destroyers are immediately dispatched and Grievous is forced to retreat and call off the planned attack on Kamino. He is also seen trying to buy R2-D2, another plot that is foiled by Anakin and his Padawan. His last appearance in Season One is fighting Kit Fisto and Nahdar Vebb in his lair. It should be noted that the backstory for Grievous in the series is that he always wished to be a Jedi, but lacked Force sensitivity, so he vowed to destroy the Jedi someday. It should also be noted that at the beginning of this episode, Grievous is portrayed through three statues depicting him as he was before he became a cybernetic droid.
The general first appeared in Season 2 in the episode “Grievous Intrigue”, which aired on January 1, 2010, after over a year long absence. Grievous abducts Jedi Master Eeth Koth, a member of the Jedi council. The triumphant general sends a message with the imprisoned master, saying he doesn’t care about the Jedi and their politics: he only lives, to see Jedi die. After the transmission, a Republic rescue team is quickly called upon, led by Obi-Wan Kenobi, Anakin Skywalker and Adi Gallia who makes her first appearance in Star Wars: The Clone Wars. Grievous, once again thwarted by the Jedi, flees to the planet Saleucami where he mounts a desperate search for a working transmitter. Obi-Wan engages him, and in the nick of time, Grievous grapples onto a Separatist shuttle, cursing the Jedi as he retreats.
Expanded Universe
Clone Wars series
General Grievous attacks Ki-Adi Mundi.
Grievous makes his first chronological appearance in the Star Wars universe in episode 20 of the Cartoon Network series Star Wars: Clone Wars. In this series his voice is provided by John DiMaggio. He single-handedly attacks and dispatches seven Jedi in an aggressive display of lightsaber mastery. He begins the swift conquest of almost all of the Outer Rim planets, striking fear into the very heart of the Republic. Grievous leads the assault into the inner systems, along the Corellian Trade Spine, conquering world after world. He harbors an intense hatred of the Jedi, and takes great satisfaction in collecting their lightsabers as trophies after killing them.
As portrayed in the Clone Wars series’ final episode, Grievous leads the Separatists in an attack on Coruscant, distracting the Jedi so he can kidnap Chancellor Palpatine (who, unbeknownst to Grievous, is also Sith Lord and Separatist leader Darth Sidious). In the process, he pursues Palpatine all the way from his office through the Skyline of Coruscant (on the back of a nearby transport) through the Coruscant Subway System, and finally to Palpatine’s private bunker. Grievous finally sneaks into Palpatine’s bunker and kills the Chancellor’s Jedi guards, Roron Corobb and Foul Moudama, after distracting guard leader Shaak Ti and wrapping her in an electric cord. Mace Windu comes to the rescue after he and Yoda sense the attack on the city is a distraction. As Grievous escapes with his prize, Windu uses the Force to crush the general’s chest plates, leaving him with the wheezing cough and bent posture seen in Revenge of the Sith.
Novels
The rest of Grievous’ backstory is supplied in James Luceno’s novel Labyrinth of Evil. During the war with the rival Huk, the Republic is called in to settle the dispute. Because the Huk world is rich in natural resources compared to the barren Kalee world, the Republic sides with Huk and sends several Jedi Knights to intervene on their behalf. Grievous (not yet a cyborg) and his armies are made to appear as the aggressors. Their homeworld is left in ruins.
Grievous becomes a security chief for the Intergalactic Banking Clan. San Hill, leader of the clan, notices Grievous’ strategic genius, fearlessness, and skills. He is mentioned to the Confederacy of Independent Systems leader, Count Dooku. Led by Darth Sidious, the Sith Lords conspire to draw Grievous into the Separatist army. Despite Hill’s generous offers, Grievous refuses to lead the Separatist army.
During an attack by the Republic’s armies on the clan’s base, Grievous’ shuttle, with a bomb already attached, explodes and crashes. Grievous is mortally wounded in the crash, kept alive by technology, a transfusion of blood from the deceased Jedi Master Sifo-Dyas, and Dooku’s mastery of the dark side; his shattered body is taken to the planet Geonosis, where most of it is replaced with a droid body that complements his natural reflexes. Hill approaches him and offers him the chance to live again in a cybernetic body and lead the Separatist army. Grievous initially resists — he would much rather die a warrior’s death than watch his body sustained by technology — but Hill eventually persuades him by appealing to his desire for revenge. In actuality, this was Hill’s plan all along, as the Separatists had booby trapped Grievous’ shuttle themselves, meaning to leave the General with no other choice than to accept. Dooku then trains him in lightsaber combat until he is one of the best duelists in the galaxy, and whips his resentment of the Jedi into a frenzy. The metamorphosis is then completed leaving Grievous one of the most fearsome warriors of the Separatists’ army.
Video games
General Grievous has appeared in several video games, notably, Star Wars: Battlefront II, “Star wars Republic Commandos” and the Revenge of the Sith video game. In Star Wars Battlefront II, it is suggested his cybernetic body was programmed with battle droid thought processes as he occasionally shouts “Roger, roger, roger, roger!”
Grievous next appears in the video game Star Wars: Galaxies. Following the establishment of the Galactic Empire, stormtroopers recover Grievous’ body, transporting it and his captured starfighter to one of Palpatine’s secret storehouses on Utapau. There it remains for years, until the cyberneticist Nycolai Kinesworthy uses the body of the Confederacy’s greatest general for the N-K Project, to create the highly advanced droid N-K Necrosis. This war droid has a brief life in the Myyydril Caverns on Kashyyyk before being destroyed by an anonymous group of spacers. The combatants loot the droid’s remains, taking its weaponry and anything else of value. The facemask ends up on the Invisible Market where it is purchased for its artistic properties by a high-ranking Imperial admiral — purported to be none other than Grand Admiral Thrawn. General Grievous also made a very brief appearance in Star Wars: Republic Commando, when Delta Squad almost caught him boarding his starship to an “unknown” planet. Grievous’ next appearance was in Lego Star Wars and Lego Star Wars: The Complete Saga, featured as a boss and an unlockable, playable character in free play mode. He is also playable in free play mode in Lego Star Wars II: The Original Trilogy by accessing a save file of Lego Star Wars.
General Grievous appears as a playable character in Star Wars: The Clone Wars - Lightsaber Duels, released for the Nintendo Wii on November 11, 2008. General Grievous also appears as a playable character in Star Wars Battlefront: Elite Squadron, released for the PlayStation Portable (PSP) and Nintendo DS on November 3, 2009. Unlike Star Wars: Battlefront II, in the DS version, he can use his four arms at the cost of force points instead of the end of an attack.
Behind the scenes
General Grievous was developed for Episode III as a powerful new villain on the side of the Separatists. The initial instructions that director George Lucas gave the Art Department were very open-ended: “a droid general”. From that vague direction, the artists developed a lot of explorations, some purely mechanical, some not, for Grievous’ look.
The initial design for General Grievous was created by Warren Fu. That initial sketch was refined and made into a foot-tall maquette sculpture. That was further refined when it was made into a realistic computer-generated model by Industrial Light and Magic. At the time, this was one of the most complicated models ever created by ILM, with many parts of differing physical qualities. General Grievous is completely computer-generated imagery in the movie. On set, Duncan Young read the lines off-screen, while Kyle Rowling wore a bluescreen or a greenscreen suit to act out the fights with Obi-Wan Kenobi.
Movie notes
General Grievous’ breathing problems in Revenge of the Sith were intended to emphasize his organic nature as well as the flaws of cyborg prosthetics. Grievous had previously appeared in Clone Wars before many of his personality traits had been finalized. To reconcile the differences between the two presentations, Mace Windu uses the Force to crush Grievous’ chest panel towards the end of the show’s third season (Volume Two) as the General makes off with Palpatine. The audio effects for the coughing were taken from Lucas himself, who had bronchitis during principal photography.
Portrayal
General Grievous has been played by several actors. In the Star Wars: Clone Wars animated series, the character was played by voice actor John DiMaggio in Chapter 20 (the Season 2 finale episode). The role of General Grievous was assigned to Richard McGonagle for Chapters 21–25 of Season 3. In the feature film Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith, General Grievous was dubbed by actor and sound editor Matthew Wood. Wood also plays Grievous in the animated series The Clone Wars as well as for all of Grievous’ video game appearances. Wood’s portrayal gives Grievous a Russian accent. Grievous is portrayed by voice actor Rainer Doering in the German language version of Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith, and by Tetsuo Goto in the Japanese language version of the film.
Gary Oldman, a friend of producer Rick McCallum, agreed to submit a voice audition, but his involvement never went beyond that. George Lucas never officially offered him the role. For several months following Oldman’s reported (but never confirmed) refusal, actor John Rhys-Davies was widely reported to be the voice of Grievous. This was eventually revealed to be a prank by a humor website, which planted the misinformation to see how far it would spread.
References
This article needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2010)
^Star Wars: Galaxies
^Star Wars: Episode III Revenge of the Sith DVD commentary featuring George Lucas, Rick McCallum, Rob Coleman, John Knoll and Roger Guyett, 2005.
^ John Rhys-Davies in Star Wars Episode III: A Grievous Media Hoax
External links
General Grievous in the Star Wars Databank
Grievous on Wookieepedia: a Star Wars Wiki
v•d•e
Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith
Characters
Obi-Wan Kenobi · Anakin Skywalker/Darth Vader · Padmé Amidala · Palpatine/Darth Sidious (The Emperor) · Mace Windu · Yoda · Count Dooku ·General Grievous · C-3PO · R2-D2 · Chewbacca · Bail Organa · Jar Jar Binks · Battle droid · Clone trooper · Nute Gunray · Mon Mothma · Boss Nass · Luke Skywalker · Princess Leia Organa · Poggle the Lesser · Grand Moff Tarkin ·
Events
Creation of the Galactic Empire · Great Jedi Purge · Alliance to Restore the Republic · Births of Luke and Leia
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Grievous”
Categories: CGI characters | Fictional sword fighters | Extraterrestrial supervillains | Fictional cyborgs | Fictional generals | Fictional reptiles | Fictional mass murderers | Fictional warlords | Star Wars characters | Video game bosses | 2004 introductions | 2005 introductionsHidden categories: All pages needing cleanup | Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2009 | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008 | Articles needing additional references from February 2010 | All articles needing additional references
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This page was last modified on 7 March 2010 at 19:13.
Edward Adams (footballer) (1908–?) English footballer who played for Tranmere Rovers
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See also
Edward Adam, invented still modifications to improve chemical rectification
Ted Adams, actor
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same personal name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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The Battle of the Tanais River was fought in 373 A.D. between the Huns and the Alans, fought on the traditional border between Asia and Europe. The Huns were victorious. Some historians credit this battle as the beginning of the process of Germanic migration, in which the Huns pushed Germanic tribes into central and northern Europe, resulting in many conflicts between those tribes and the Roman Empire.
It was followed by a joint Hun-Alan invasion of the Gothic kingdom of Ermanaric.
This article about a battle is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v•d•e
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(Redirected from Meiji government)
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The Government of Meiji period Japan from 1868-1911 was an evolution of institutions and structures from the feudal order of the Tokugawa bakufu towards a constitutional monarchy encompassing pro-forma representative democracy.
Contents
1Early developments
2Abolition of the domains
3Reorganization of the central government
4Events leading to Okuma’s resignation
5Establishment of a national assembly
6Strengthening of state authority
7The Meiji Constitution
8Elections and Political Power
9Political struggles
10It? becomes Prime Minister
11End of the Meiji era
12References
Early developments
After the Meiji restoration, the leaders of the samurai who overthrew the Tokugawa Shogun had no clear agenda or pre-developed plan on how to run Japan. They did have a number of things in common – most were in their mid-30s, and most were from the four tozama domains of western Japan (Ch?sh?, Satsuma, Tosa and Hizen). Although from lower-ranked samurai families, they had risen to military leadership roles in their respective domains, and came from a Confucian-based educational background which stressed loyalty and service to society. Finally, most either had first-hand experience in travel overseas, or second-hand experience through contacts with foreign advisors in Japan. As a result, they knew of the military superiority of the western nations and of the need for Japan to unify, and to strengthen itself to avoid the colonial fate of its neighbors on the Asian continent.
However, in 1867, the country was largely a collection of semi-independent feudal domains held together by the military strength of the Satch? Alliance, and by the prestige of the Imperial Court.
In early March 1868, while the outcome of the Boshin War was still uncertain, the new Meiji government summoned delegates from all of the domains to Kyoto to establish a provisional consultative national assembly. In April 1868, the Charter Oath was promulgated, in which Emperor Meiji set out the broad general outlines for Japan’s development and modernization.
Two months later, in June 1868, the Seitaisho was promulgated to establish the new administrative basis for the Meiji government. This administrative code was drafted by Fukuoka Takachika and Soejima Taneomi (both of whom had studied abroad and who had a liberal political outlook), and was a strange mixture of western concepts such as division of powers, and a revival of ancient structures of bureaucracy dating back to Nara period Japan. A central governmental structure, or Daij?kan, was established.
The Daij?kan had seven departments:
Legislative (divided into an Upper Assembly of appointed bureaucrats, and a Lower Assembly of domain representatives)
Executive
Shinto
Finance
Military
Foreign Affairs
Civil Affairs
A separate Justice Ministry was established to create a form of separation of powers in imitation of the western countries.
In the meantime, local administration consisted of territory confiscated from the Tokugawa, which was divided into prefectures (ken) and municipalities (fu) administered from the Department of Civil Affairs, and the 273 semi-independent domains. Agents from the central government were sent to each of the domains to work towards administrative uniformity and conformation to the directives of the central government.
In early 1869, the national capital was transferred from Kyoto to Edo, which was renamed Tokyo (Eastern Capital).
Abolition of the domains
Main articles: Abolition of the han system and Meiji Restoration
In March 1869, the central government led by ?kubo Toshimichi of Satsuma felt strong enough to effect further centralization. After merging the armies of Satsuma and Ch?sh? into a combined force, ?kubo and Kido Takayoshi convinced the daimy? of Satsuma, Ch?sh?, Hizen and Tosa to surrender their domains to the emperor. Other daimy? were forced to do the same, and all were reappointed as “governors” to their respective domains, which were now treated as sub-divisions of the central government.
In the spring of 1871, ?kubo, Kido, Inoue Kaoru, Yamagata Aritomo, Saig? Takamori, ?yama Iwao, Sanj? Sanetomi and Iwakura held a secret meeting during which it was decided to proceed with abolition of thehan domains entirely. Later that year, all of the ex-daimy?were summoned to the Emperor, and he issued a decree converting the domains to prefectures headed by a bureaucratic appointee from the central government. The daimy? were generously pensioned off into retirement, and their castles became the local administrative centers for the central government. This decree resulted in 305 units of local administration, which were reduced to 72 prefectures and 3 municipalities by the end of the year through various mergers, so that by the end of 1871, Japan had become a fully centralized state. The transition was made gradually, so that there was no disruption to the lives of the common people, and no outbreaks of resistance or violence. The central government absorbed all of the debts and obligations of the domains, and many former officials in the domains found new employment with the central government.
In 1871, the central government supported the creation of consultative assembles at the lowest levels of government, at the town, village and county level. The membership of the prefectural assemblies was draw from these local assemblies. And as the local assemblies only had the power of debate, and not legislation, they provided an important safety valve, without the ability to challenge the authority of the central government.
See also Abolition of the han system
Reorganization of the central government
While the domains were being abolished and local administrative boundaries were being moved around, in August 1869, the central government itself underwent some restructuring to reinforce centralized authority. The idea of division of powers was abandoned. The new government was based on a national assembly (which met only once), an appointive Council of Advisors (Sangi), and eight Ministries:
Civil Affairs (Home Ministry from 1873)
Foreign Affairs
Finance
Army
Navy
Imperial Household
Justice
Public Works
Education
Decision-making in the government was restricted to a closed oligarchy of perhaps 20 individuals (from Satsuma, Ch?sh?, Tosa, Hizen and from the Imperial Court). The Home Ministry, as it appointed all prefectural governors, and controlled police apparatus was the most powerful ministry in the government, and it is noteworthy that ?kubo left the Ministry of Finance to head the Home Ministry when it was established.
Events leading to Okuma’s resignation
Main articles: Itagaki Taisuke and Freedom and People’s Rights Movement
One of the pressures on the early Meiji government was the division between those members of the oligarchy who favored some form of representative government, based on overseas models, and the more conservative faction who favored centralized, authoritarian rule.
A major proponent of representative government was Itagaki Taisuke, a powerful leader of Tosa forces who had resigned from his Council of State position over the Korean affair in 1873. Itagaki sought peaceful rather than rebellious means to gain a voice in government. Such movements was called The Freedom and People’s Rights Movement. He started a movement aimed at establishing a constitutional monarchy and a national assembly. Itagaki and others wrote the Tosa Memorial in 1874 criticizing the unbridled power of the oligarchy and calling for the immediate establishment of representative government. Dissatisfied with the pace of reform after having rejoined the Council of State in?1875, Itagaki organized his followers and other democratic proponents into the nationwide Aikokusha (Society of Patriots) to push for representative government in 1878. In 1881, in an action for which he is best known, Itagaki helped found the Jiy?t? (Liberal Party), which favored French political doctrines. In 1882 ?kuma Shigenobu established the Rikken Kaishint? (Constitutional Progressive Party), which called for a British-style constitutional democracy. In response, government bureaucrats, local government officials, and other conservatives established the Rikken Teiseit? (Imperial Rule Party), a pro-government party, in 1882. Numerous political demonstrations followed, some of them violent, resulting in further government political restrictions. The restrictions hindered the political parties and led to divisiveness within and among them. The Jiy?t?, which had opposed the Kaishint?, was disbanded in 1884, and ?kuma resigned as Kaishint? president.
Establishment of a national assembly
Main article: Meiji Constitution
Government leaders, long preoccupied with violent threats to stability and the serious leadership split over the Korean affair, generally agreed that constitutional government should someday be established. Kido Takayoshi had favored a constitutional form of government since before 1874, and several proposals that provided for constitutional guarantees had been drafted. The oligarchy, however, while acknowledging the realities of political pressure, was determined to keep control. The Osaka Conference of 1875 resulted in the reorganization of government with an independent judiciary and an appointed Council of Elders tasked with reviewing proposals for a constitution. The emperor declared that “constitutional government shall be established in gradual stages” as he ordered the Genr?in to draft a constitution. In 1880, delegates from twenty-four prefectures held a national convention to establish the Kokkai Kisei D?mei (League for Establishing a National Assembly).
Although the government was not opposed to parliamentary rule, confronted with the drive for “people’s rights,” it continued to try to control the political situation. New laws in 1875 prohibited press criticism of the government or discussion of national laws. The Public Assembly Law (1880) severely limited public gatherings by disallowing attendance by civil servants and requiring police permission for all meetings. Within the ruling circle, however, and despite the conservative approach of the leadership, ?kuma continued as a lone advocate of British-style government, a government with political parties and a cabinet organized by the majority party, answerable to the national assembly. He called for elections to be held by 1882 and for a national assembly to be convened by 1883; in doing so, he precipitated a political crisis that ended with an 1881 imperial rescript declaring the establishment of a national assembly in 1890 and his dismissal from government.
Rejecting the British model, Iwakura Tomomi and other conservatives borrowed heavily from the Prussian constitutional system. It? Hirobumi, one of the Meiji oligarchy and a Ch?sh? native long involved in government affairs, was charged with drafting Japan’s constitution. He led a Constitutional Study Mission abroad in 1882, spending most of his time in Germany. He rejected the United States Constitution as “too liberal” and the British system as too unwieldy and having a parliament with too much control over the monarchy; the French and Spanish models were rejected as tending toward despotism.
Strengthening of state authority
Main article: Meiji constitution
On It?’s return, one of the first acts of the government was to establish the kazoku peerage system with new ranks for the nobility. Five hundred persons from the old court nobility, former daimy?, samurai and commoners who had provided valuable service to the government were organized in five ranks: prince, marquis, count, viscount, and baron.
It? was put in charge of the new Bureau for Investigation of Constitutional Systems in 1884, and the Council of State was replaced in 1885 with a cabinet headed by It? as prime minister. The positions of chancellor, minister of the left, and minister of the right, which had existed since the seventh century as advisory positions to the emperor, were all abolished. In their place, the Privy Council was established in 1888 to evaluate the forthcoming constitution and to advise the emperor. To further strengthen the authority of the state, the Supreme War Council was established under the leadership of Yamagata Aritomo a Ch?sh? native who has been credited with the founding of the modern Imperial Japanese Army and was to become the first constitutional Prime Minister. The Supreme War Council developed a German-style general staff system with a chief of staff who had direct access to the emperor and who could operate independently of the army minister and civilian officials.
The Meiji Constitution
Main article: Meiji constitution
When finally granted by the Emperor as a sign of his sharing his authority and giving rights and liberties to his subjects, the 1889 Constitution of the Empire of Japan (the Meiji Constitution) provided for the Imperial Diet (Teikoku Gikai), composed of a House of Representatives and a House of Peers. The House of Representatives was popularly elected with a very limited franchise of male citizens who paid 15 yen in national taxes (about 1 percent of the population) being eligible candidates. The House of Peers was composed of nobility and imperial appointees. There was also the provision for the creation of a Cabinet composed of ministers of State directly responsible to the Emperor and independent of the legislature. Functionally, the Diet was able to approve government legislation and initiate laws, make representations to the government, and submit petitions to the Emperor.
Nevertheless, in spite of these institutional changes, sovereignty still resided in the Emperor on the basis of his divine ancestry. The new constitution specified a form of government that was still authoritarian in character, with the Emperor holding the ultimate power and only minimal concessions made to popular rights and parliamentary mechanisms. Party participation was recognized as part of the political process. The Meiji Constitution was to last as the fundamental law until 1947.
Elections and Political Power
The first national election was held in 1890, and 300 members were elected to the lower house. The Jiy?t? and Kaishint? parties had been revived in anticipation of the election and together won more than half of the seats. The House of Representatives soon became the arena for disputes between the politicians and the government bureaucracy over large issues, such as the budget, the ambiguity of the constitution on the Diet’s authority, and the desire of the Diet to interpret the “will of the Emperor” versus the oligarchy’s position that the cabinet and administration should “transcend” all conflicting political forces. The main leverage the Diet had was in its approval or disapproval of the budget, and it successfully wielded its authority henceforth.
In the early years of constitutional government, the strengths and weaknesses of the Meiji Constitution were revealed. A small clique of Satsuma and Ch?sh? elite continued to rule Japan, becoming institutionalized as an extraconstitutional body of genr? (elder statesmen). Collectively, the genr? made decisions reserved for the Emperor, and the genr?, not the Emperor, controlled the government politically. Throughout the period, however, political problems were usually solved through compromise, and political parties gradually increased their power over the government and held an ever larger role in the political process as a result.
Political struggles
Main article: Meiji period
After the bitter political rivalries between the inception of the Diet in 1890 and 1894, when the nation was unified for the war effort against China, there followed five years of unity, unusual cooperation, and coalition cabinets. From 1900 to 1912, the Diet and the cabinet cooperated even more directly, with political parties playing larger roles. Throughout the entire period, the old Meiji oligarchy retained ultimate control but steadily yielded power to the opposition parties. The two major figures of the period were Yamagata Aritomo, whose long tenure (1868-1922) as a military and civil leader, including two terms as prime minister, was characterized by his intimidation of rivals and resistance to democratic procedures, and It? Hirobumi, who was a compromiser and, although overruled by the genr?, wanted to establish a government party to control the House during his first term. When It? returned as prime minister in 1898, he again pushed for a government party, but when Yamagata and others refused, It? resigned. With no willing successor among the genr?, the Kenseit? (Constitutional Party) was invited to form a cabinet under the leadership of ?kuma and Itagaki, a major achievement in the opposition parties’ competition with the genr?. This success was short-lived: the Kenseit? split into two parties, the Kenseit? led by Itagaki and the Kensei Hont? (Real Constitutional Party) led by ?kuma, and the cabinet ended after only four months. Yamagata then returned as prime minister with the backing of the military and the bureaucracy. Despite broad support of his views on limiting constitutional government, Yamagata formed an alliance with Kenseit?. Reforms of electoral laws, an expansion of the House to 369 members, and provisions for secret ballots won Diet support for Yamagata’s budgets and tax increases. He continued to use imperial ordinances, however, to keep the parties from fully participating in the bureaucracy and to strengthen the already independent position of the military. When Yamagata failed to offer more compromises to the Kenseit?, the alliance ended in 1900, beginning a new phase of political development.
It? becomes Prime Minister
It? and his protégé, Saionji Kimmochi finally succeeded in forming a progovernment party—the Kensei Seiy?kai (Association of Friends of Constitutional Government) —in September 1900, and a month later It? became prime minister of the first Seiy?kai cabinet. The Seiy?kai held the majority of seats in the House, but Yamagata’s conservative allies had the greatest influence in the House of Peers, forcing It? to seek imperial intervention. Tiring of political infighting, It? resigned in 1901. Thereafter, the prime ministership alternated between Yamagata’s protégé, Katsura Tar?and Saionji . The alternating of political power was an indication of the two sides’ ability to cooperate and share power and helped foster the continued development of party politics.
End of the Meiji era
Main articles: Meiji period and Taisho period
The Meiji era ended with the death of the emperor in 1912 and the beginning of the Taish? era (1912-26) as Crown Prince Yoshito became the new emperor (Emperor Taish?). The end of the Meiji era was marked by huge government domestic and overseas investments and military programs, nearly exhausted credit, and a lack of foreign exchange to pay debts. The beginning of the Taish? era was marked by a political crisis that interrupted the earlier politics of compromise. When Prime Minister Saionji attempted to cut the military budget, the army minister resigned, bringing down the Seiy?kai cabinet. Both Yamagata and Saionji refused to resume office, and the genr? were unable to find a solution. Public outrage over the military manipulation of the cabinet and the recall of Katsura for a third term led to still more demands for an end to genr? politics. Despite old guard opposition, the conservative forces formed a party of their own in 1913, the Rikken D?shikai (Constitutional Association of Friends), a party that won a majority in the House over the Seiy?kai in late 1914.
References
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Library of Congress Country Studies. - Japan
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Meiji_Japan”
Categories: Empire of Japan | Government of JapanHidden categories: Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Library of Congress Country Studies
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Ti?ng Vi?t
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Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shlomo_Halberstam”
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“Invisible Sun” is a hit single by rock group The Police, released in 1981. The song is about the tensions in Northern Ireland.
It was the first single to be released in the United Kingdom from the album Ghost in the Machine and it reached number 2 in the charts. In all other territories, “Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic” was chosen as the lead single from the LP.
Due to the subject of the song, Bono from rock group U2 performed duets of it with Sting when U2 and The Police appeared at the same concerts: the first such instance was in 1982 at a festival in Gateshead, England, and two subsequent instances occurred at the last two shows of Amnesty International’s A Conspiracy of Hope Tour in 1986.
The song is a departure from Police songs before it; “Invisible Sun” contains a dark, looping synthesizer beat, and powerful, haunting lyrics. Among other things, the lyrics refer to the ArmaLite rifle used by paramilitary organizations, but mainly by the Provisional Irish Republican Army. The music video for “Invisible Sun” features a collection of video clips taken from the conflict in Northern Ireland. Due to its subject matter, it was banned by the BBC.
Northern Irish rock band Therapy? recorded a cover of the song in 1993 while the Swedish progressive death metal act Edge of Sanity covered the song on their 1995 LP Until Eternity Ends. Champaign, IL band Hum covered the song in concert on more than one occasion.
Sting collaborated with Aswad on a reggae version of this song for the X-Files in 1998.
Contents
1Personnel
2Track listing
3See also
4References
Personnel
Sting – fretless bass guitar, keyboards, lead and backing vocals
Andy Summers – guitars, backing vocals and effects
Stewart Copeland – drums
Track listing
7″: A&M / AMS 8164 (UK)
“Invisible Sun” – 3:35
“Shambelle” – 5:42
7″: A&M / AMS 8164 (NL)
“Invisible Sun” – 3:35
“Flexible Strategies” – 3:42
See also
List of songs banned by the BBC
References
^Boyne, Sean (2001-10-24). “Analysing the IRA’s historic decommissioning move”. Jane’s Information Group. http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/misc/janes011024_1_n.shtml. Retrieved 2008-07-06.
v•d•e
The Police
Stewart Copeland·Sting·Andy Summers
Henry Padovani
Studio albums
Outlandos d’Amour·Reggatta de Blanc·Zenyattà Mondatta·Ghost in the Machine·Synchronicity
Singles
“Fall Out” ·“Roxanne” ·“Can’t Stand Losing You” ·“So Lonely” ·“Message in a Bottle” ·“Walking on the Moon” ·“Bring on the Night” ·“The Bed’s Too Big Without You” ·Six Pack ·“Don’t Stand So Close to Me” ·“De Do Do Do, De Da Da Da” ·“Invisible Sun“ ·“Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic” ·“Spirits in the Material World” ·“Secret Journey” ·“Every Breath You Take” ·“Wrapped Around Your Finger” ·“Synchronicity II” ·“King of Pain” ·“Don’t Stand So Close to Me ‘86″
Other albums
Every Breath You Take: The Singles·Greatest Hits·Message in a Box: The Complete Recordings·Every Breath You Take: The Classics·Live!·The Very Best of Sting & The Police·The Police·Certifiable: Live in Buenos Aires
Tours
The Police Around the World Tour ·Zenyattà Mondatta Tour ·Ghost in the Machine Tour ·Synchronicity Tour ·A Conspiracy of Hope Tour ·The Police Reunion Tour
Related articles
Strontium 90 ·Strontium 90: Police Academy·Brimstone and Treacle·¡Policia!: A Tribute to the Police
This 1980s rock song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v•d•e
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This page was last modified on 9 February 2010 at 00:53.
Dodge No. 4 State Park is a state park in the U.S. state of Michigan with a one-mile shoreline on Cass Lake. The land for the state park was donated by the Dodge Brothers Corporation in 1922 under the stipulation that it would always be maintained as a public park.
Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge · Harbor Island · Huron · Kirtlands Warbler Wildlife Management Area · Michigan Islands · Michigan Wetland Management District · Seney · Shiawassee ·
State
State Parks
Algonac · Aloha · Baraga · Bewabic · Brimley · Burt Lake · Cambridge Junction · Cheboygan · Clear Lake ·Coldwater Lake · Craig Lake ·Dodge #4 · Duck Lake · Fayette · Fisherman’s Island · Fort Michilimackinac · Fort Wilkins · Grand Haven · Grand Mere · Harrisville · Hart-Montague Trail · Hartwick Pines · Hayes · Mill Creek · P.H. Hoeft · P.J. Hoffmaster · Holland · Indian Lake · Interlochen · Kal-Haven Trail · Lake Gogebic · Lakelands Trail State Park · Lakeport · Leelanau · Ludington · Mackinac Island · Maybury · F.J. McLain · Mears · Meridian-Baseline · Mitchell State Park · Muskallonge Lake · Muskegon · Negwegon · Newaygo · North Higgins Lake · Onaway · Orchard Beach · Otsego Lake ·Palms Book · Petoskey · Porcupine Mountains · Port Crescent · Sanilac Petroglyphs · Saugatuck Dunes · Seven Lakes · Silver Lake · Sleeper · Sleepy Hollow · South Higgins Lake · Sterling · Straits · Tahquamenon Falls · Tawas Point · Thompson’s Harbor · Traverse City · Twin Lakes · Van Buren · Van Buren Trail · Van Riper · Warren Dunes · Warren Woods · Wells · White Pine Trail · Wilderness · William G. Milliken · Wilson · Young
State Recreation
Areas
Bald Mountain · Bay City · Brighton · Fort Custer · Highland · Holly · Ionia · Island Lake · Lake Hudson · Metamora-Hadley · Ortonville · Pinckney · Pontiac Lake · Proud Lake ·Rifle River · Waterloo · Wetzel · Yankee Springs
State Forests
Au Sable · Copper Country · Escanaba River · Lake Superior · Mackinaw · Pere Marquette
Alger Underwater Preserve · De Tour Passage Underwater Preserve · Grand Traverse Bay Bottomland Preserve · Keweenau Underwater Preserve · Manitou Passage Underwater Preserve · Marquette Underwater Preserve · Sanilac Shores Underwater Preserve · Southwest Michigan Underwater Preserve · Straits of Mackinac Shipwreck Preserve · Thumb Area Bottomland Preserve ·Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary · Whitefish Point Underwater Preserve ·
Other
Agate Falls Scenic Site · Bond Falls Scenic Site · Laughing Whitefish Falls Scenic Site · Michigan Islands Wilderness Area · Pointe Mouillee State Game Area · Ralph A. MacMullan Conference Center · Sturgeon Point Scenic Site · Wagner Falls Scenic Site
Michigan Department of Natural Resources
Coordinates: data for this location”>42°36?57?N83°22?20?W? / ?42.61583°N 83.37222°W? / 42.61583; -83.37222
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodge_No._4_State_Park”
Categories: Michigan geography stubs | Michigan state parks
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This page was last modified on 12 October 2008 at 18:15.
Korean bullhead, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco (syn. Pseudobagrus fulvidraco)
Korean stumpy bullhead, Coreobagrus brevicorpus (syn. Pseudobagrus brevicorpus)
Black bullhead, Pseudobagrus koreanus
Other catfishes, including:
African bullhead, Lophiobagrus cyclurus
King’s bullhead, Liobagrus kingi
Other fishes:
Bullhead sharks
Bullhead triplefin, Trianectes bucephalus
Bullhead minnow, Pimephales vigilax
Bullhead fry, Hypoatherina harringtonensis
Bullhead notothens, Notothenia coriiceps
Places:
Bullhead City, Arizona
Bullhead, South Dakota
Bullhead Dam
Tamiya Bullhead, a toy
Bullhead (album), by the Melvins
Bullhead rail, a particular cross-section of rail used in railway track construction
The Bull’s Head, a London jazz club
USS Bullhead (SS-332), the last US Navy ship sunk by enemy action during World War Two
Bullhead (boat), such as those used on US canals especially in the 19th century
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullhead”
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This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Library of Congress Country Studies. - Japan
